ISO OSI Type of Pc Social networking

The actual ISO OSI design tend to be described beneath. The actual 7 levels from the OSI design tend to be: Software Demonstration Program Transportation System Information Hyperlink Bodily 1 Software coating: This particular coating supplies a opportinity for the consumer to get into home elevators the actual system with an software. Numerous person programs that require in order to connect within the system connect to the applying coating process straight. The consumer programs aren't a part of OSI Software coating, make use of the social networking providers provided by the actual social networking process collection. Software coating features usually consist of determining conversation companions, as well as identifying accessibility to needed assets. A few examples associated with software coating implementations consist of Telnet, Document Move Process (FTP), as well as Easy Postal mail Move Process (SMTP). two Demonstration coating: Demonstration coating changes nearby web host pc information representations right into a regular system structure with regard to tranny about the system. About the getting aspect, this modifications the actual system structure to the suitable web host pc's structure to ensure that information may be used in addition to the web host pc. ASCII as well as EBCDIC conversion rates, cryptography, and so on tend to be dealt with right here. Types of Demonstration coating html coding as well as transformation strategies consist of typical information rendering platforms, transformation associated with personality rendering platforms, typical information data compresion strategies, as well as typical information encryption strategies. Demonstration coating implementations aren't usually of a specific process bunch. A few well-known requirements with regard to movie consist of QuickTime as well as Movie Specialists Team (MPEG). QuickTime is definitely an Apple company Pc standards with regard to movie as well as sound, as well as MPEG is really a regular with regard to movie data compresion as well as html coding. 3. Program coating: The actual program coating determines, handles, as well as ends conversation periods. Conversation periods contain support demands as well as support reactions which happen in between programs positioned in various system products. These types of demands as well as reactions tend to be matched through methods put in place in the program coating. A few examples associated with session-layer implementations consist of AppleTalk's Area Info Process (ZIP), as well as Good Stage Program Manage Process (SCP). four. Transportation coating: Transportation coating accounts for supplying dependable support between your hosting companies. Top coating datagrams tend to be divided in to workable datagrams after which suitable header info (such because series quantity, interface quantity, and so on. ) is actually put into the actual datagram prior to moving this to the System coating. 2 commonly used transportation methods would be the TCP (Transmission Manage Protocol) and also the UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Essential options that come with Transportation coating: Transportation coating guarantees dependable support. Breaks or cracks the actual information (from periods layer) in to scaled-down datagrams, as well as appends suitable device header info. Accountable for interacting using the Program coating

Essential options that come with TCP/UDP: TCP/IP popular process with regard to Transport/Network levels TCP: (Transport Manage Protocol) TCP helps to ensure that the box offers arrived at it's meant location by utilizing a good reputation. Otherwise, this retransmits the actual dropped communications. Therefore, TCP is known as an association focused process. UDP (Universal Information gram Protocol): UDP merely sends packets on the internet. It doesn't await a good reputation. It's the obligation associated with top coating methods to ensure the info experienced arrived at the actual meant partner(s). Therefore, UDP is usually known as connectionless process. Software applications which don't need connection-oriented process usually make use of UDP.

5. System coating: System coating accounts for the actual redirecting associated with packets car system. The actual coating utilizes reasonable dealing with for this function. Observe that the actual home address (like MACINTOSH address) retains altering through jump in order to jump whenever a box moves through supply in order to location. Consequently, a good tackle that does not alter is needed to make sure continuity in between hops. This really is only reasonable tackle. With regard to IP systems, IP tackle may be the reasonable tackle; as well as with regard to Novell system, IPX tackle may be the reasonable tackle, and so forth. This particular coating additionally offers blockage manage, as well as sales info for that system. IP (Internet Protocol) is actually a good example of the system coating process. 6. Information hyperlink coating: Information hyperlink coating offers shipping associated with info structures in between interacting companions. This particular coating accounts for circulation legislation, mistake recognition as well as modification, as well as framework associated with pieces with regard to tranny. The actual system information body consists of checksum, supply tackle, location tackle, and also the information by itself. The biggest body dimension that may be delivered is called the most tranny Device (MTU). Essential options that come with Information hyperlink coating: Assembles pieces in to structures, producing all of them prepared with regard to tranny within the system. Offers mistake recognition, as well as modification in order to sent structures. When the checksum isn't proper, this requests retransmission. (Send the manage message). Includes 2 subwoofer levels: 1. Reasonable Hyperlink Manage (LLC): Identifies exactly how information is actually moved within the cable television and offers information hyperlink support towards the greater levels. two. Moderate Entry Manage (MAC): Regulates press entry through controlling the actual interacting nodes utilizing pre-defined group of guidelines. (i. at the. Symbol moving, Ethernet [CSMA/CD] just about all possess MACINTOSH sub-layer protocol).

Various Information hyperlink coating methods determine various system as well as process features, such as bodily dealing with, system topology, mistake notice, sequencing associated with structures, as well as circulation manage. Bodily dealing with (as in opposition to reasonable addressing) identifies exactly how products tend to be tackled in the information hyperlink coating. The actual methods utilized in Information hyperlink coating tend to be SLIDE, PPP, as well as CSLP. 7. Bodily coating: This is actually the bottom-most coating from the OSI design. The actual Bodily coating deals with the actual bit-level marketing communications over the bodily moderate. The actual bodily moderate might consist associated with " cable " electric indicators, or even gentle, or even stereo (wireless) indicators. Bodily coating specs determine features for example press, information prices, optimum tranny miles, as well as bodily fittings. A few of the essential requirements which cope with bodily coating specs tend to be: RS-232(for serial conversation lines), BY. twenty one, EIA 232, as well as G730. Bodily coating as well as Information hyperlink coating implementations could be classified because possibly LAN or even WAN specs.

Publication Venues in Computer Science

In academic Computer Science, there are basically three publication venues that "count": peer-reviewed conferences, peer-reviewed journals, and peer-reviewed workshops/symposia. There are of course many other perfectly credible ways to publish one's work (e.g., technical reports, books), but these are the top three.

Unlike in most scientific fields, including our closest cousins Engineering and Mathematics, journals are not the de facto place to publish papers. I can't speak for all subfields of CS, but basically everyone I know only publishes in journals because they feel they have to (e.g., multi-disciplinary tenure and promotion committees that expect journal publications, research rankings organizations that still don't seem to 'get' conferences, etc.). Some subfields this is not the case, such as in interdisciplinary fields like Bioinformatics and CS Education, but for most major areas of CS, conferences are where the action is.

For these fields, the top conferences have extremely low acceptance rates, many less than 17%. The program committees are comprised of the top scholars in the field. And in some fields, anyone who is anyone attends these conferences, so managing to get a paper accepted is a pretty big deal that gets a researcher much visibility.

Some journals have similarly rigorous standards of review and are known for their quality, for example the IEEE Transactions and ACM Transactions family of journals are highly regarded. There are occasionally other journals that are good, but the vast majority are either decidedly mediocre or utter rubbish. We don't really have any comparable C/N/S type journals.

Workshops and symposia generally have a much higher acceptance rate than conferences and journals, but they are still peer-reviewed and are often archival (e.g., ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore). They have quite a few advantages. First, they are usually co-located with a conference, which means you can often go to both on your University's dime. Second, they present a fantastic opportunity to float half-baked ideas and get one-on-one feedback from your peers. And third, oftentimes workshops are the only place you can meet other scientists interested in the same area of specialized research as you, which nearly always leads to good things.

But the most useful thing about conferences and workshops over journals is that you have the opportunity to tell potentially hundreds of people about your work. These are all people who learn your name and face and start to match it to a research area. This is invaluable, because it leads to professional relationships that will see you through your career - jobs, funding, tenure/promotion letters, etc.

Journals don't really get your name and face out there as well, unless some news outlet picks up on your article. People do read journals, but I suspect most readers associate papers more strongly with an institution than a name, particularly if it's a new name on the research scene.

So I think it's nice to have a diverse portfolio when it comes to publishing. It's good to have a mixture of papers in the top conferences with low acceptance rates, in journals that are well-respected, and in workshops that are useful to the researcher.

Honeybee Mystery Solved!

This article made me really happy. In case you weren't aware, since 2006 honeybees have been dying in droves, and no one knew why. All I could figure was that some seriously weird X-Files stuff was going on. But it turned out it was a virus-fungal double whammy. So, no aliens or mutant corn, just something pretty humdrum as far as nature is concerned.

Image by BrainPop

The nice part about the article was how the different scientists collaborated - all due to some clever networking:

"Human nature and bee nature were interconnected in how the puzzle pieces came together. Two brothers helped foster communication across disciplines. A chance meeting and a saved business card proved pivotal.
...
But it took a family connection — through David Wick, Charles’s brother — to really connect the dots. When colony collapse became news a few years ago, Mr. Wick, a tech entrepreneur who moved to Montana in the 1990s for the outdoor lifestyle, saw a television interview with Dr. Bromenshenk about bees.

Mr. Wick knew of his brother’s work in Maryland, and remembered meeting Dr. Bromenshenk at a business conference. A retained business card and a telephone call put the Army and the Bee Alert team buzzing around the same blossom.

I love that. (And not just because I'm a sucker for bad puns.). Person C connects Persons A and B, and fabulous science happens.

For grad students who want a research career

Following my last post regarding how to get invited to give talks as a graduate student, a commenter asked:

How many days-spent-at-seminar talks+conferences/year is a good number for a grad student interested in a career in research? Obviously it depends on a whole bunch of factors, but just wondering what your best generalized estimate would be.

This is a great question. I may even rephrase it to be, "If I want a research career, what are some good ways to spend my time as a graduate student?"

I have some colleagues who get ideas just sitting in their office, alone, reading papers and thinking. This strategy sometimes works for me, but the truth is, I get more ideas from attending seminars/workshops/conferences and from talking with other people. A recent paper I wrote came entirely from seeing something wild at a conference a few years ago coupled with a recent talk I attended given by someone in a different department at my university. Somehow, these two very different things clicked in my brain, and off I went.

Coming up with research ideas is only half of the problem, though. You also need support to turn them into reality. For this recent project, I consulted with the person from the other department for tips on how to use some specialized equipment which was new to me. I then consulted with another person in his department for ideas on how to formulate my research questions. I ended up with a really solid paper having had these consultations.

So from an idea generation and cultivation perspective, I think spending time attending talks and conferences and chatting with people is a great use of your time(*).

But attending these events are also a great use of your time if you want to get employed some day. :) As I alluded to in the last post, I think being a superstar / having a superstar advisor is rare, and even if you are a superstar, a little extra insurance doesn't hurt. So the other advantage to spending time attending talks and conferences is being able to meet other people.

In many fields, the research world is a small one. That person you chatted with at the coffee break may one day be reviewing your paper/grant proposal, or may one day be offering you a chance to come give a talk at their lab, or even could one day be on the other side of the hiring table. This doesn't mean every interaction with someone matters, it just means more doors may open for you if you put yourself out there.

The goal of attending these things is not to go up to every person you meet and say, "HI GIVE ME A JOB PLEEEEZE". It's a way to casually chat with people and show them that you are a friendly person with good ideas. You form relationships that last throughout your research career. Your advisor may be able to help start you on this path of building these connections, but at some point you need to take initiative yourself. And I think it's good to start building these connections as early on in your career as possible, not two months before you go on the job market.

This all being said, you of course don't want to spend your life on the road. I suppose I did spend a lot of time attending seminars/workshops early on in graduate school, but I was geographically selective. A few times I traveled far, but usually I just went to seminars at my university or at other local universities, or workshops/conferences that were < 5 hours away. Pretty much everything turned out to be useful in one way or another. Even one conference which was a total dud introduced me to a great collaborator who I still work with today, as well as an invitation to give a talk.


(*) I should note, some departments will only fund attendance at conferences/workshops if you have a paper accepted. And if you're a first or second year graduate student, you may not have had any time to do anything publishable yet. However, it's super easy to get a short ideas-only paper accepted at a workshop so long as you can write coherently.  (e.g., a 2-4 pager like - "Here's an idea on X. Here's some background which makes us think X is true. We're going to implement and test X in the coming months"). Also, many big conferences have doctoral consortia, poster submissions, works in progress, etc. These are also definitely worth trying for, because it gets you a plane ticket. Most university accountants aren't going to realize/care that the poster acceptance rate was 99% while the conference acceptance rate was 12%. :-)

Conference networking

Probably the most frequent academic job advice I hear dispensed is that networking is absolutely critical to getting hired/tenured/promoted. (Probably a close second to having lots of good publications/grants). I think there's a lot of truth to this advice, and certainly networking is good for other areas of intellectual and social life.

However, I've heard people lament that it's very difficult to know how to network at conferences. I too found this difficult at first, so I began reading a lot of books on the topic, observing successful shmoozers at conferences, and really just practicing every chance I can. So I'll share a few tricks I've learned in case they're useful to others.

There are three things to consider when networking at conferences:

1. Who to talk to
2. What to talk about
3. How to join an existing group of people (maybe containing someone identified in #1)

Prof-like Substance has a post about strategizing on whom one might want to talk to. I think it depends a lot on the venue and what your aims are. Before I go to a conference, I look over the program and try to guess who might be attending and potentially worth talking to. I also read the talk titles and see which ones overlap with my research. One recent conference I attended had an entire session devoted my current research area, so I made sure to chat with everyone presenting in that session. I also discovered one of the researchers is at a university somewhat close to mine, so I made sure to spend extra time talking to them to feel out future collaborations.

I always make sure to talk to peers and friends to recharge. Even when the senior academics are nice people, as a junior academic it's can still be daunting to approach them cold.

As for what to talk about in general, that's a bit trickier, and perhaps deserves its own post. If I am talking to a senior researcher then I'll often ask specific questions about the field, like, "I heard about this new journal. Is it worth publishing in?" Sometimes I just chat with people about conference-related things, like their thoughts on the plenary speaker that day, the food, travel war stories, etc.

How to pick a group of people to join is the easiest, surprisingly. I learned a great analysis trick recently which I'll try to recreate with my mad clip art skillz.

Imagine you're at a coffee break and you don't know anyone. You see this distribution of people:

Clip art from Clip Art Heaven

When I saw a similar graphic, I was asked: which is the easiest group to join? Which is the hardest? What's amazing is once I learned about these people configuration patterns, I started spotting them all over the place.

Usually, (B) is the easiest to approach, because she's just standing alone holding a pie. (C) is also alone, but she is busy trying to review a journal paper and each a sandwich before the break is over. Just looking at postures, (C) is giving off a "don't bother me" vibe, and (B) looks like she wouldn't mind chatting with someone.

The next easiest group to join is (D). The two people are talking to each other, but they are holding very open postures. Their bodies are turned half toward one another and half outward. This is one of the best groups to join, because they are open to others. Contrast them to the two people in (A), who are so intently chatting they are nose to nose. This is not a pair to disturb unless you have a really good reason to do so. Similarly, (E) looks very closed as well, but it might be possible to join.

Last is group (F), which is the hardest to join. These four people are all turned inward toward each other, and look to be fairly close knit. If you don't know anyone in this group, it's probably good to not try to break in right now.